Family Support of the Chronically Ill Patient Is Especially Important Because They
Test of the Patient
Before treating the patient it is necessary to make a correct diagnosis of the illness and to determine its aetiology, i.e. the causes of the disease. The examining doctor must know well the pathogenesis of whatsoever disease, i.e. the way and machinery of its evolution, every bit well equally the symptoms revealing it.
A number of dissimilar procedures is used to institute a diagnosis: history-taking; physical examination, which includes visual examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation; laboratory studies, consisting of urinalysis, blood, sputum and other analyses; instrumental studies, for instance, taking electrocardiograms or cystoscopy, X-ray test and others.
For determining a disease it is very important to know its symptoms, i.e. the signs of a disease. They are breathlessness, edema, cough, chill, vomiting, fever, haemorrhage, headache, rash, swelling and others. Some of these symptoms are objective, for example, haemorrhage or vomiting, because they are determined by objective study, while others, such as headache or dizziness are subjective, since they are evident merely to the patient.
Physical exam is the start objective phase in examination of a patient. Information technology must be carried on in a big and warm consulting room with day light. The light is very of import: it allows to gauge the color of the patient�due south pare, conjunctiva, rima oris.
The scheme of the physical examination includes three stages:
- full general examination;
- local exam;
- test of torso systems.
On general examination the patient is properly examined from head to toes: this helps the doctor to gauge the physical and mental state of his patient. The examiner also determines the patient�s weight and height, observes his facial expression, movements, speech, land of lymphatic nodes, muscles, bones, joints.
On local examination the doctor examines the patient�south caput, optics, nose, ears, oral cavity, cervix, thyroid gland, etc. to estimate the functional state of item parts of the trunk.
Test of trunk systems includes the study of the respiratory, endocrine, nervous and other systems. On this stage the physician applies the technique of palpation and percussion to determine whether the borders of internal organs are normal or aberrant. By ways of auscultation the examiner tin reveal rales in the lungs in instance of pneumonia or bronchitis, or heart murmurs if a patient suffers from cardio-vascular diseases.
Laboratory analyses are important equally well. Blood assay revealing leukocytosis immediately indicates the presence of inflammation in the body. Urinalyses help to reveal the presence of urinary tract infections such as cystitis, nephritis or pyelonephritis. Analysis of sputum is performed to ostend the diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Instrumental procedures too help to make up one's mind wellness problems. Electrocardiograms are necessary to monitor the heart work. X-ray usually shows the borders and construction of the internal organs, fractures and fissures, accumulation of liquid in the lungs, etc.
Then, examination of the patient is a circuitous procedure helping to timely reveal diseases or dysfunctions of any organs and start their treatment.
Exercise 8. Answer the questions:
1. What is it necessary to know to make a correct diagnosis?
2. What kind of procedures are used to establish a diagnosis?
3. What groups can symptoms exist divided into?
4. What is the divergence between the objective and subjective symptoms?
5. What does the scheme of the physical examination include?
6. What is examined during each stage of concrete examination?
7. Why are laboratory analyses important?
eight. What does X-ray help to reveal?
Exercise 9. Match the symptoms with their explanations:
1. haemorrhage two. cough 3. headache 4. rash 5. fever half-dozen. airsickness seven. arctic 8. edema | a) small-scale red spots on the skin b) removal of the contents of the breadbasket c) feeling of coldness during high fever d) hurting in the head eastward) profuse bleeding from injured blood vessels f) accumulation of fluid under the skin or in the body cavities g) loftier torso temperature h) reflex which helps to remove foreign substances and microbes from the airways |
ane. | ii. | 3. | 4. | v. | 6. | 7. | 8. |
Exercise x. Guess what affliction is described:
Model:inflammation of the lungs is pneumonia.
1. inflammation of the kidneys
2. inflammation of the lungs
iii. inflammation of the urinary bladder
4. inflammation of bronchi
5. inflammation of the eye conjunctiva
six. pus aggregating around the kidneys
7. lesion in the stomach
viii.infection caused by Mycobacteria
Exercise 11. Translate the post-obit word-combinations into English language:
���������� ���������, ��������� ���������� ������ (2 ��������), ������� ������������, ���������� �������, �������� ��������, ��������� ����� ���� �� ����������, ������ �� ����������, ������ ���� � ����� �������, �������� � ������ �� ���, ������� �������� �� ��������� ���� �������, �������� �� ���������� �������, ������� ������������ �� �������������, �� ��������� ���������������, ������� ����� � �������, ����������� �� ������� �����.
Do 12. Translate the words in italics:
1. ����� � ������� unremarkably appear in example of ��������� �� ��������.
2. Increased leukocytosis indicates ��������� ��������� � ��������.
3. If a patient suffers from �������-�������� �����������, he may have ���� � �����.
4. ����� ���� helps ������� the presence of urinary tract infections such as ������ �� ������.
five. On general examination the doctor observes the patient�south ����� �������, ����, ��������, ���� ���������� �����, ����, �������.
vi. The local examination includes the examination of the patient�south ������, ����, ���, ����, ������ ���������, ��, ��������� ������.
7. ����� ������ ��������� is carried out past ways of ������������, �������������, ���������������.
8. Test of the patient is a ���������� ��������� that helps ������ ������� diseases.
Exercise 13. Translate the word combinations with Participle I:
Model: examining doc � ���������� ���� (����? � 䳺����������)
the md examining the patient � ����, ��/���� ������ ������� (������� �������)
����, ��������� ������� (�� �������? � 䳺���������)
boiling h2o, the girl standing at the door, a running homo, a film hanging on the wall, a physician examining patients, a kid waiting for his parents, a crying baby, a grin boy, a dying person, a working person, students waiting for the professor, symptoms determining a disease.
Exercise 14. Translate the word combinations with Participle I into English:
ij��, �� ��������; ���, �� ��������� ����������; ������, ��� �����; ������������ �������; �������� ����������; ��������� ������� �����; ������������ �����; ������������ ���� �������; ���� , ��� �����������; ������, ���� ��������� ������� ���������; ��������� ������; ����, �� �������� ������� � ������.
Practice fifteen. Give Participle Ii of the following verbs:
To make, to give, to get, to tell, to know, to take, to keep, to feel, to discover, to cut, to have, to be, to sleep, to put, to come, to go, to cull, to draw, to fall, to feed, to fight, to get, to get out, to meet, to rise, to say, to see, to spread, to teach, to undergo, to write.
Do 16. Interpret the following word combinations with Participle Two into Ukrainian:
Increased blood force per unit area, repeated analysis, received results, cleaved arm, prescribed medicine, dislocated shoulder, confirmed diagnosis, marked comeback, subsided fever, extracted tooth, examined patient, injured man, transfused claret.
Exercise 17. Choose the proper variant of Participle I or Participle II. Translate sentences into Ukrainian:
one. The prescribed/prescribing drug was ineffective.
two. The surgeon observed marked/marker improvement in patient�due south condition.
iii. Children sleeping/slept in their beds are recovering.
4. Symptoms, accompanying/accompanied flue are fever, muscular hurting, vomiting.
5. The wounded/wounding arm was bandaged.
6. These drugs left/leaving in a dry, dark identify are best to be used during 1 yr.
7. The blood come/coming through the lungs is rich in oxygen.
8. Scarlet fever is characterized by rash covering/covered the whole torso.
Practise 18. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense course. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
1. The cause of the disease (to call) aetiology.
2. Yesterday the students (to learn) the pathogenesis of pneumonia.
three. Tomorrow I (to take) the ECG to monitor my heart work.
4. If blood assay (to reveal) leukocytosis, the patient (to administer) antibiotics.
v. The medical examination (to carry) out twice a year, as a rule.
6. The breadbasket troubles of the patient (to determine) by vomiting.
7. In a calendar week, students (to detect) the professor examine his patients.
viii. Good solar day light (to allow) to estimate the colour of the patient�southward skin, conjunctiva, oral cavity.
Do 19. Put questions to the underlined words:
1. To make a diagnosis the doctor needs the findings of blood analysis.
2. Any illness is unremarkably revealed by its symptoms.
3. The patient was administered uninalysis to confirm cystitis.
iv. Objective symptoms include haemorhage, airsickness, cough, etc.
five. She felt dizziness and nausea afterwards taking these pills.
6. Physical examination is the outset objective stage in examination of a patient.
7. By means of auscultation the examiner tin reveal rales in the lungs heart murmurs.
viii. The diagnosis of TB will be confirmed after assay of sputum.
Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into English language:
1. ����������������� ������ ������ �����.
ii. ����� ��������� ���� �� �������� ��������� �������.
iii. ���� �� �������� �������� ������� ���������� ���������.
four. ճ����, �� ������ ����� �������, � ��������� � ������ ���.
5. ���� ��������� ������ �������� �� ����� ���������� ������ �� ������������.
half-dozen. �������� � �� ������ �������, �� ����������� ���������� ���������� ������.
7. ��� ��������� ������� ����� ���������� �� ��������� ��������� �� ������.
viii. Գ������ ����� ������� ������ ��� �����: ��������� �� ������� �����, � ����� ����� ������ ���������.
Exercise 21. Arrange the following sentences in social club to depict the term �symptom�:
i. They include cough, haemorrhage, vomiting, swelling, etc.
2. Subjective symptoms are the symptoms evident to the patient only.
3. Symptom is a sign of a affliction.
four. They are headache, dizziness, and then on. It is very important to know symptoms equally they permit to determine the disease.
five. Objective symptoms are the symptoms which can be revealed by the medico during the concrete examination of the patient.
6. The symptoms can be divided into 2 groups: objective and subjective.
Do 22. Talk over the concrete examination of the patient following the plan:
i. Conditions. | |
two. General phase. | |
3. Local stage. | |
iv.Examination of trunk systems. | |
v. Techniques applied. |
�������� ��� ��������� ������ �������� (���)
�. ���������� ���������������: ��� �� ������ ����� ���� �� ���� ��� ����� �������� �������� ������������ ��������� �������� ����� ��������� ������� ������������ �������� �������� ������������ ������������ �� ��������������� ����������� �� ������� ����� ���������� �������� �� ������ ��. ����� ������ �� �������: What is it necessary to know to brand a right diagnosis? What kind of procedures are used to found a diagnosis? What is the difference betwixt the objective and subjective symptoms? Why are laboratory analyses important? What does Ten-ray assistance to reveal? ���. ��������� �������: Գ������ ����� �������
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:
death, n | [deƟ] | ������ |
section, n | [di'pa:tmənt] | �������� |
dose, n | [dous] | ���� |
dosage, n | ['dousiʤ] | ��������� |
hospitalize, v | ['hᴐspitəlaiz] | ������������� |
indicate, v | ['indikeit] | ���������, ��������� |
initial, adj. | [i'niʃəl] | ����������, �������� |
intramuscular, adj. | [ˏintrə 'mʌskjʋlə] | ����������ʼ������ |
intravenous, adj. | [intrə'six:nəs] | ��������������� |
go along (kept, kept), five | [ki:p] | �������, �������� |
prescribe, five | [pri'skraib] | �����������, ���������� |
poisonous, adj. | ['poizənəs] | ��������, ��������� |
foreclose, 5 | [pri'vent] | ������������� |
result from, five | [ri'zʌlt] | ���������� �������� |
reception ward, n | [ri'sepʃən 'wᴐ:d] | ���������� �������� |
recovery, n | [ri'kʌvəri] | �������� |
round, due north | [raund] | ����� (������ ������) |
relieve, v | [ri'li:v] | �����������, ������� (���) |
Practice 2. Read correctly:
u [ˈʝu:]: due, use, alibi, duty, normally, unit of measurement, attitude, future, computer;
u [u:]: blue, fluid, include, rule, truthful, fruit, prowl, juice, June;
u [ʌ]: insult, ulcer, lung, gut, gullet, buttock, cuspid, muscle, intramuscular, ultrasound;
ow [au] in mid position: downward, town, gown, crowd, brownish, shower + permit, now, how;
ow [ou] in end position: below, flow, grow, know, low, prove, snow, throw, accident
Do 3. a) Form unlike parts of speech. Explain the meaning of affixes. Translate the pair of words into Ukrainian:
one. form nouns and verbs with the assist of the prefix over-: production, heat, dosage, weight, to eat, to sleep, to react, to estimate;
2. form adjectives with the help of the prefix un-: favourable, clear, likely, conditioned, controllable, duly, safe, comfortable;
3. form adjectives with the assist of the prefix intra-: muscular, venous, abdominal, hepatic, intestinal, nasal, oral;
4. form verbs with the help of the prefix re-: to write, to brand, to play, to produce, to generate, to bandage, to form, to gain.
Date: 2015-12-12; view: 1438; ��������� ��������� ����
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